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Preface [ ] New terms and important words are introduced in a bold-type font. Words that you see on the screen, in menus, or dialog boxes for example, appear in our text like this: “It becomes impossible to link this “column” (for example the special paint color) to a lookup table”. Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this. Tips and tricks appear like this. Reader Feedback Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book, what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of. To send us general feedback, simply drop an email to feedback@packtpub.com, making sure to mention the book title in the subject of your message. If there is a book that you need and would like to see us publish, please send us a note in the SUGGEST A TITLE form on www.packtpub.com or email suggest@packtpub.com. If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide on www.packtpub.com/authors. Customer Support Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase. Downloading the Example Code for the Book Visit http://www.packtpub.com/support, and select this book from the list of titles to download any example code or extra resources for this book. The files available for download will then be displayed. The downloadable files contain instructions on how to use them.
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Preface [ ] Chapter 6 covers a supplemental case study about an airline system. This case study involves various steps such as gathering documents, preparing preliminary list of data elements, preparing a list of tables, sample values, and queries for the airline system. What You Need for This Book Basic knowledge of SQL is required. Emphasis is made on the phpMyAdmin web-based interface for reproducing the examples, although the “mysql” command- line tool can be used. No knowledge of MySQL server administration or any specific operating system is required. Conventions In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning. There are three styles for code. Code words in text are shown as follows: “……..In this case, we can add employee information, the employee code to the car_event table..”. A block of code will be set as follows: CREATE TABLE `event` ( `code` int(11) NOT NULL, `description` char(40) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`code`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; INSERT INTO `event` VALUES (1, ‘washed’); When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines or items will be made bold: CREATE TABLE `event` ( `code` int(11) NOT NULL, `description` char(40) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`code`) ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; INSERT INTO `event` VALUES (1, ‘washed’);
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Preface MySQL, launched in 1995, has become the most popular open source database system. The popularity of MySQL and phpMyAdmin has allowed many non-IT specialists to build dynamic websites with a MySQL backend. This book is a short but complete guide showing beginners how to design good data structures for MySQL. It teaches how to plan the data structure and how to implement it physically using MySQL’s model. What This Book Covers Chapter 1 introduces the concept of MySQL, and discusses MySQL’s growing popularity and its impact as a powerful tool. This chapter gives us a brief overview of the relational models and Codd’s rules, which are required for designing purposes. A brief introduction to our case study “car dealer” is provided at the end. Chapter 2 shows how to deal with the raw data information that comes from the users or other sources, and the techniques that can help us build a comprehensive data collection. Also, this chapter covers the exact limits of the analyzed system, how one should gather documents, and interview activities for our case study. Chapter 3 emphasises on transforming the data elements gathered in the collection process into a cohesive set of column names. The concept of data naming is also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 4 provides the technique of grouping column names into tables. Rules for table layout, the concepts such as primary key, unique key, data redundancy, and data dependency are covered in this chapter. Chapter 5 presents various techniques for improving our data structure in terms of security, performance, and documentation. The final data structure for the car dealer’s case study is provided at the end.
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Table of Contents [ iii ] Multilingual Planning 48 Validating the Structure 48 Summary 49 Chapter 5: Data Structure Tuning 51 Data Access Policies 51 Responsibility 51 Security and Privileges 53 Views 53 Storage Engines 54 Foreign Key Constraints 55 Performance 58 Indexes 58 Helping the Query Optimizer: Analyze Table 60 Accessing Replication Slave Servers 60 Speed and Data Types 61 Table Size Reduction 62 In-Column Data Encoding 62 Case Study’s Final Structure 63 Vehicle 65 Person 68 Sale 69 Other tables 72 Summary 74 Chapter 6: Supplemental Case Study 75 Results from the Document Gathering Phase 75 Preliminary List of Data Elements 80 Tables and Sample Values 80 Code Tables 81 Themed Tables 82 Composite-Key Tables 85 Airline System Data Schema 87 Sample Queries 87 Inserting Sample Values 88 Boarding Pass 88 Passenger List 88 All Persons on a Flight 89 Summary 90 Index 91
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Table of Contents [ ii ] Perceptions 21 Asking the Right Questions 21 Existing Information Systems 21 Chronological Events 22 Sources and Destinations 22 Urgency 22 Avoid Focusing on Reports and Screens 22 Data Collected for our Case Study 22 From the General Manager 23 From the Salesperson 23 From the Store Assistant 24 Other Notes 25 Summary 25 Chapter 3: Data Naming 27 Data Cleaning 27 Subdividing Data Elements 28 Data Elements Containing Formatting Characters 29 Data that are Results 29 Data as a Column’s or Table’s Name 30 Planning for Changes 32 Pitfalls of the Free Fields Technique 33 Naming Recommendations 34 Designer’s Creativity 34 Abbreviations 34 Clarity versus Length: an Art 35 Suffixing 35 The Plural Form 35 Naming Consistency 36 MySQL’s Possibilities versus Portability 36 Table Name into a Column Name 36 Summary 37 Chapter 4: Data Grouping 39 Initial List of Tables 39 Rules for Table Layout 40 Primary Keys and Table Names 40 Data Redundancy and Dependency 41 Composite Keys 42 Improving the Structure 44 Scalability over Time 44 Empty Columns 45 Avoiding ENUM and SET 46
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Table of Contents Preface 1 Chapter 1: Introducing MySQL Design 5 MySQL’s Popularity and Impact 5 The Need for MySQL Design 6 “What do I do Next?” 6 Data Design Steps 6 Data as a Resource 7 But this is my Data! 7 Data Modeling 8 Overview of the Relational Model 9 Rule #1 10 Rule #2 10 Simplified Design Technique 10 Case Study 11 Our Car Dealer 11 The System’s Goals 12 The Tale of the Too Wide Table 12 Summary 16 Chapter 2: Data Collecting 17 System Boundaries Identification 17 Modular Development 18 Model Flexibility 19 Document Gathering 19 General Reading 19 Forms 20 Existing Computerized Systems 20 Interviews 20 Finding the Right Users 21
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About the Reviewer Rudy Limeback is an SQL Consultant with close to 20 years of experience using SQL in one database system or another. He is located in Toronto, Canada but, thanks to the miracle that is the Internet, consults for clients all over the wide world. More information on SQL and Web development can be found on Rudy’s website, http://www.r937.com/.
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About the Author Marc Delisle is a member of the MySQL Developers Guild, which regroups community developers because of his involvement with phpMyAdmin. He started to contribute to this popular MySQL web interface in December 1998, when he made the first multi-language version. He has been actively involved with the phpMyAdmin project since May 2001 as a developer and project administrator. He has worked since 1980 at Coll ge de Sherbrooke, Qu bec, Canada, as an application programmer and network manager. He has also been teaching networking, security, Linux servers, and PHP/MySQL application development. I would like to thank the whole Packt team for their support, especially Louay Fatoohi and Nikhil Bangera; their advice helped shaping this book. My thanks also go to Rudy Limeback for his insight. The developers of the MySQL software have earned my respect; may they find here my warm gratitude for their excellent product. I hope that this book will assist readers into building effective data structures. To Carole, Andr , Corinne, Annie, and Guillaume, with all my love.
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Credits Author Marc Delisle Reviewer Rudy Limeback Development Editor Louay Fatoohi Assistant Development Editor Nikhil Bangera Technical Editor Mithil Kulkarni Editorial Manager Dipali Chittar Project Manager Patricia Weir Indexer Bhushan Pangaonkar Proofreader Martin Brooks Layouts and Illustrations Shantanu Zagade Cover Designer Shantanu Zagade
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Creating your MySQL Database: Practical Design Tips and Techniques Copyright 2006 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: November 2006 Production Reference: 1141106 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 1-904811-30-2 www.packtpub.com Cover Image by www.visionwt.com
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