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284 Part II . Getting Around in Linux Configuring man page access As was mentioned earlier in the chapter, the /usr/man directory is the default location for man page source files. The MANPATH environment variable can be used to change the default search path for man page source files. The MANPATHvariable will overwrite the default search path for man pages, so including the path to existing man pages, if they will be needed, is important. Below is an example of a MANPATH variable setting added to a /home/user/.profilefile. Export MANPATH=/usr/local/man:/usr/man/preformat:/usr/man:/usr/X11R6/man Most of the documents stored in /usr/man are compressed and unformatted. The man command uses the /etc/man.config file for information on the proper display of these files. This file contains MANPATH information as well as compression, formatting, and pager settings. Using the option -Cshown in Table 7-1, a different configuration file can be specified. The man command is located in /usr/bin. This directory needs to be located in the PATH environment variable, or the command must be run using the absolute path /usr/bin/man. Using Documentation Stored in /usr/doc Objective 1.8 Documentation Use and Manage Local System Documentation. Use and administer the man facility and the material in /usr/doc/. Includes finding relevant man pages, searching man page sections, finding commands and man pages related to one, configuring access to man sources and the man system, using system documentation stored in /usr/doc/ and related places, determining what documentation to keep in /usr/doc/. Along with the man pages, a variety of other documentation can be stored on the local system. Table 7-3 shows some common locations of documentation and the data stored there. Table 7-3 Documentation Locations Location Documentation /usr/doc/program_name Documentation for program_name /usr/doc/FAQ Frequently Asked Questions
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Chapter 7 . Using Documentation 283 # apropos password chpasswd (8) - update password file in batch gpasswd (1) - administer the /etc/group file htpasswd (1) - Create and update user authentication files nwpasswd (1) - Change a user s password passwd (1) - update a user s authentication tokens(s) passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) passwd.nntp [passwd] (5) NNTP servers pg_passwd pwupdate rpc.yppasswdd [rpc] smbpasswd smbpasswd ypchfn [yppasswd] database ypchsh [yppasswd] database yppasswd database (1) (8) (8) (5) (8) (1) (1) (1) -password file -passwords for connecting to remote -Manipulate the flat password file -updates passwd and shadow NIS map -NIS password update daemon -The Samba encrypted password file -change a users SMB password -change your password in the NIS -change your password in the NIS -change your password in the NIS The following is an example of the man -k command: # man -k password chpasswd (8) - update password file in batch gpasswd (1) - administer the /etc/group file htpasswd (1) - Create and update user authentication files nwpasswd (1) - Change a user s password passwd (1) - update a user s authentication tokens(s) passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd.nntp [passwd] (5) - passwords for connecting to remote NNTP servers pg_passwd (1) - Manipulate the flat password file pwupdate (8) - updates passwd and shadow NIS map rpc.yppasswdd [rpc] (8) - NIS password update daemon smbpasswd (5) - The Samba encrypted password file smbpasswd (8) - change a users SMB password ypchfn [yppasswd] (1) - change your password in the NIS database ypchsh [yppasswd] (1) - change your password in the NIS database yppasswd (1) - change your password in the NIS database As you can see, these commands produce the same function. This can be particularly useful when searching for commands using keywords.
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282 Part II . Getting Around in Linux Using the -aoption shown in Table 7-1, you can examine all of the matching man pages for the crontabutility. This is done using the following command. # man -a crontab Searching with whatis The whatis utility is not explicitly mentioned in the exam objectives, but knowing its use can come in handy on the exam. The whatis utility is used to search the whatis database for matching entries. This database is created using the /usr/bin/makewhatis command. This database contains short descriptions found in the man pages of system commands. An example of its use is the following: # whatis passwd passwd (1) - update a user s authentication tokens(s) passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd.nntp [passwd] (5) - passwords for connecting to remote NNTP servers As you can see in this example, the passwd command has entries in sections one and five of the man pages. It is also found in section one of the sslcommand man pages. The man -f command searches this database for all entries matching the keyword entered. The command names listed in the database are searched for a matching entry. The following is an example of the output produced by this command. # man -f passwd passwd (1) - update a user s authentication tokens(s) passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd.nntp [passwd] (5) - passwords for connecting to remote NNTP servers These commands perform the same search. The commands and man page sections where they are located are displayed. This can be helpful for locating man page source sections and variants of commands. Searching with apropos Like whatis, the apropos command is not explicitly mentioned in the exam objectives, but is useful to know come exam time. And also like the whatisutility, the apropos command uses the whatis database. This command is used to search both the command names and the descriptions for the keyword specified. The following is an example of the apropos command:
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Chapter 7 . Using Documentation 281 The -w option is useful for discovering the location of man page entries. Using this option for the crontabutility produces the following. # man -w crontab /usr/man/man1/crontab.1.gz Exam Tip Be sure to know the search options and their function. These include -a, -K, and -k. Searching man page sections Linux man page information exists in a collection of files. These files are grouped into sections, with each section containing a specific type of information. Table 7-2 lists the sections and their uses. Table 7-2 Man Page Sections Section Use 1 User commands and applications 2 System calls and kernel errors 3 Library calls 4 Device drivers and network protocols 5 Standard file formats 6 Games and demonstrations 7 Miscellaneous files and documents 8 System administration commands 9 Obscure kernel specs and interfaces When an argument is passed to the man command, the sections are searched in a specific order and the first match is returned. The default search order is as follows: 1, 8, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9. It is also possible to specify the man page section to search. If you wish to search section five for information on the crontab utility, you would use the following command: # man 5 crontab
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280 Part II . Getting Around in Linux Table 7-1 Options Used with man Option Use -M path Specifies directories to search for man pages. -P pager Specifies the pager, or the program used to format and display the man pages. The default pager is specified via the PAGER environment variable. The more and less pagers are frequently used. -S section-list Specifies a colon-delimited list of man sections to search. -a Specifies that all matching entries are to be displayed, not just the first. -c Specifies that the source page is to be reformatted. -d Specifies that debugging information is to be displayed instead of the actual man pages. -f Specifies that man is to behave like the whatis program (discussed later in this chapter). -h Displays help information for the man command. -k Specifies that man is to behave like the apropos program (discussed later in this chapter). -K Searches the man page sources for the specified string. The user is prompted as to whether he or she wishes to view each entry found. -m system Specifies an alternate set of man pages to search based on the system name specified. -w Specifies that the path to man pages is displayed instead of the actual man page. -C config-file Specifies a config file other than the default of /etc/man.conf. An example of the use of the a option follows. This causes the matching pages to be displayed in the order they are located. The user is first presented with the crontab entry in section one. When the user hits the Q key to exit this man page, the entry found in section five is displayed. # man a crontab
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Chapter 7 . Using Documentation 279 info ls should give you access to the complete manual. GNU fileutils 4.0p March 2000 1 The spacebar is used to scroll down through the man page display one page at a time. The Q key exits the man page display. If you wish to search for text within the man page, the regular expressions can be used. An example is shown in the following with the characters used to locate the optionstring. /option Locating man pages Linux man pages are stored on the system. The MANPATH variable contains the location of these files. The man pages are stored by default in the following locations. . /usr/man/man1 . /usr/man/man2 . /usr/man/man3 . /usr/man/man4 . /usr/man/man5 . /usr/man/man6 . /usr/man/man7 . /usr/man/man8 . /usr/man/man9 The significance of the numbers is discussed in the following section of the chapter, Searching man page sections. Exam Tip Be sure to know the default location of the man page source files. This will likely appear as an exam question. The user can specify a different MANPATH. This allows a different set of man pages to be used. This is useful because some commands may not store their man pages in standard locations. Additionally, several options can be used with the mancommand, and an alternate path can be specified using an option as well. The options used by the mancommand are shown in Table 7-1.
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278 Part II . Getting Around in Linux The command syntax is shown next. SYNOPSIS ls [OPTION]… [FILE]… This is followed by a description of the command. After the description the com mand options are displayed and explained. DESCRIPTION List information about the FILEs default). Sort entries alphabeticall–sort. (the y if currnone ent of directory -cftuSUX by nor -a, –all do not hide entries starting with . -A, –almost-all do not list implied . and .. -b, –escape print octal escapes for nongraphic characters –block-size=SIZE use SIZE-byte blocks -B, –ignore-backups do not list implied entries ending with ~ The man page ends with information concerning the author of the page, known bugs and bug reporting information, copyright, and directions to more information on the command. AUTHOR Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie. REPORTING BUGS Report bugs to . COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SEE ALSO The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site, the command
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Chapter 7 . Using Documentation 277 When working with Linux, at times you will require further information on the use of commands, utilities, and system configuration. Although this book and other books can be very helpful, no book can contain up-to-date information on every subject. Luckily many terrific resources are available when more information is needed. Some reference sources are found on the local system, while others are available on the Internet. This chapter will inform you of some of the most useful places to search for more information. Knowing this information can prove invaluable for saving time when working with Linux systems and is essential when preparing for the exam. Getting Help with Man Pages Objective 1.8 Documentation Use and Manage Local System Documentation. Use and administer the man facility and the material in /usr/doc/. Includes finding relevant man pages, searching man page sections, finding commands and man pages related to one, configuring access to man sources and the man system, using system documentation stored in /usr/doc/ and related places, determining what documentation to keep in /usr/doc/. The Linux manual pages or man pages are the best place to check with questions concerning syntax and options for commands and utilities on the system. The man page documents are stored in a compressed format. The mancommand uncompresses and formats the pages for viewing. The pages are accessed using the man command followed by the command being researched. An example of the correct syntax is as follows: # man ls This command would search the manual pages for the lscommand. When you open the man pages, the first thing displayed is a banner with the command and the man page being accessed. Also shown here is the FSF for Free Software Foundation. This appears as follows: LS(1) FSF LS(1) This is then followed by the command name and its function. NAME ls - list directory contents
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276 Part II . Getting Around in Linux CHAPTER PRE-TEST 1. What is the default location for Linux man page source documents? 2. Which section of the Linux man pages contains information on system administration commands? 3. The apropos and whatis commands search what database? 4. What Web site would you use to search Usenet postings for specific keywords? 5. Which documents contain task-specific information? 6. What utility will search command descriptions for specific keywords? 7. Where on the local system would you look to find documentation for the word processor that you have installed? 8. Which file contains configuration information used by the man command? 9. Which environment variable is used when displaying man pages? 10. Which option displays only the sections that contain matching man pages for the specified command? . Answers to these questions can be found at the end of the chapter. .
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7 CHAPTER Using Documentation …. EXAM OBJECTIVES Exam 101 . General Linux, Part 1 1.8 Documentation Use and Manage Local System Documentation. Use and administer the man facility and the material in /usr/doc/. Includes finding relevant man pages, searching man page sections, finding commands and man pages related to one, configuring access to man sources and the man system, using system documentation stored in /usr/doc/ and related places, determining what documentation to keep in /usr/doc/. Find Linux documentation on the Internet. Find and use Linux documentation at sources such as the Linux Documentation Project, vendor and third-party websites, news- groups, newsgroup archives, mailing lists. Write System Documentation. Write documentation and maintain logs for local conventions, procedures, configuration and configuration changes, file locations, applications, and shell scripts. Provide User Support. Provide technical assistance to users via telephone, email, and personal contact.
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