Web hosting india - Chapter 6 . Managing Files 239 The following
Chapter 6 . Managing Files 239 The following example lists filenames according to access time, with an appended character / showing the directories. # ls -pu morestuff/ nicks list readmes alphanames nameslist The following example lists the contents of the /home/angie/stuff directory and all its subdirectories. # ls -R /home/angie/stuff alphanames list morestuff nameslist newstuff nicks oldstuff readmes /home/angie/stuff/morestuff: /home/angie/stuff/newstuff: newnameslist newnicks /home/angie/stuff/oldstuff: oldnameslist oldnicks As you can see in these examples, the ls command can be a powerful tool for gathering information about files and directories. This command is often used in conjunction with other commands and files using pipes and redirection. This allows output to be saved to a file or processed by other utilities. Understanding the use of the ls command alone and with other utilities will prepare you for the exam and for the job of working with Linux systems. Determining a file type The ls command provides a high degree of functionality when examining files. However, it provides limited information about the contents of the file. The file command can be used to learn more about the contents of files on a Linux system. The output of the filecommand includes one of the following words: text, executable, data, or directory. This command accepts arguments to specify which files to examine. A variety of options can be used with this command; these are shown in Table 6-5. Table 6-5 Options Used with file Option Use -b Specifies that filenames are not to be included with the output. -f
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