Chapter 9 . Using X 345 Entry Function ChordMiddle Tells the X server that the mouse sends left and right clicks when the middle button is pressed. Common with Logitech mice. SampleRate
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344 Part II . Getting Around in Linux ScrollLock Compose RightCtl Control XkbKeycodes xfree86 XkbTypes default XkbCompat default XkbSymbols us(pc101) XkbGeometry pc XkbRules xfree86 XkbModel pc101 XkbLayout us EndSection Pointer This section configures the pointing device. If this is not configured correctly, the X server may not start, or the mouse may act erratically. Table 9-3 shows the available configuration entries for this section. The following is an example: # ********************************************************************** # Pointer section # ********************************************************************** Section Pointer Protocol IMPS/2 Device /dev/mouse ZAxisMapping 4 5 EndSection Table 9-3 Pointer Section Entries Entry Function Protocol Protocol Name Specifies the protocol that the mouse device uses. Check the XF86Config man page for the complete list of available protocols. Device Device Path Specifies the device to use to communicate with the mouse. For example, /dev/mouse. Port Device Path This is an alternative to the Device entry. BaudRate
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Chapter 9 . Using X 343 Entry Function AllowNonLocalXvidtune Allows the xvidtune client to connect from a remote system. The xvidtune client is discussed in more detail later in the chapter. DisableVidMode Disables the parts of the VidMode extensions used by xvidtune. AllowNonLocalModInDev Lets a user from a remote host connect and change the keyboard and mouse settings in the running environment. DisableModInDev Disables the extensions that allow remote changing of the input settings. AllowMouseOpenFail Normally the X server will not start if the mouse device cannot be opened. This lets the X server start in that situation. Keyboard As you would expect, this section configures the keyboard device. It has many different configuration entries that deal with the keymap settings. Meta keys can also be defined here. Meta keys are those keys that change the function of the next key pressed. For example, Ctrl and Alt are normally meta keys. The following is an example of this section. Section Keyboard Protocol Standard # when using XQUEUE, comment out the above line, and uncomment the # following line #Protocol Xqueue AutoRepeat 500 5 # Let the server do the NumLock processing. This should only be # required when using pre-R6 clients #ServerNumLock # Specify which keyboard LEDs can be user-controlled (eg, with xset(1)) #Xleds 1 2 3 #To set the LeftAlt to Meta, RightAlt key to ModeShift, #RightCtl key to Compose, and ScrollLock key to ModeLock: LeftAlt Meta RightAlt Meta
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342 Part II . Getting Around in Linux # no need to change the default. RgbPath /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/rgb # Multiple FontPath entries are allowed (they are concatenated together) # By default, Red Hat 6.0 and later now use a font server independent of # the X server to render fonts. FontPath /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TrueType FontPath unix/:-1 EndSection This example uses two font paths. The second path defines the font server: FontPath unix/:-1 A font server can be run either on the local system or across the network. It can provide fonts for many systems at one time. The line specified above dictates the use of a local font server, since the port number is 1. The only other possible entry in this section is ModulePath, which is used to load dynamic modules. This is used extensively in XFree v4. Exam Tip The most important part of the Files section to know for the exam is the font configuration. ServerFlags This section sets several server settings. The possible entries for this section are shown in Table 9-2. Many times this section is blank or totally commented out. As you can see, several miscellaneous settings go here. Table 9-2 ServerFlags Entries Entry Function NoTrapSignals Tells the X server to not unexpectedly trap signals and exit cleanly. DontZap Disables the use of the Ctrl-Alt-Backspace key combination to kill the X server. DontZoom Disables the use of the Ctrl-Alt-Keypad Plus and Ctrl-Alt- Keypad Minus, which normally changes the screen resolutions and acts like a zoom.
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Chapter 9 . Using X 341 Manually configuring the XF86Config file The main X Window configuration file is /etc/X11/XF86Config. While you are not required to build this file by hand any more, you should still be familiar with its layout in case there is a problem or you need to make a simple change. The file is broken up into several sections that have the following syntax: Section Section Name This is a command EndSection Caution XFree86 v4 uses a configuration file named XF86Config-4. The following sections are used in the XF86Configfile, and usually in this order: . Files . ServerFlags . Keyboard . Pointer . Monitor . Device . Screen Files The Files section is used for RGB (red-green-blue) settings and font paths. Multiple font paths can be specified and will all be searched. If a useable font cannot be found, the X server will crash. The following is an example of the Files section. In the Even if you use a font server for all of your fonts, you usually need a path to the Real World misc font directory. This path provides the basic system fonts. # ********************************************************************** # Files section. This allows default font and rgb paths to be set # ********************************************************************** Section Files # The location of the RGB database. Note, this is the name of the # file minus the extension (like .txt or .db ). There is normally
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340 Part II . Getting Around in Linux [root@redhat X11]# ls -l X lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 29 Aug 21 15:32 X -> ../../usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA This shows the /etc/X11/Xfile is linked to /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_SVGA, which is the SVGA X server. Since XFree v4 does not have separate X servers, the X file is linked to the same server, as shown here: debian:/etc/X11# ls -l X lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 Dec 11 10:55 X -> /usr/bin/X11/XFree86 The file /usr/bin/X11/XFree86is the X server for v4 and will always be the destination of the link. The main configuration file for the X server is the XF86Configfile. The format for this file is similar between XFree v3 and v4, but some slight differences exist. If you use one of the provided tools to create this file, you do not need to worry about the differences. One of the best enhancements in XFree v4 is speed. XFree v4 noticeably increases performance over XFree v3. The new version also supports greater hardware acceleration for games and graphic applications. Configuring X Objective 2.10 X Install & Configure XFree86. Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server, install the correct X server, configure the X server, install an X font server, install required fonts for X (may require a manual edit of /etc/X11/XF86Config in the Files section), customize and tune X for videocard and monitor. Commands: XF86Setup, xf86config. Files: /etc/X11/XF86Config, .xresources. Configuring the X Window System can stop a new Linux user in their tracks. It can turn into a very complicated problem with odd error messages and strange results. Since most distributions now do an excellent job of detecting the hardware and monitor on a system, users do not need to go through all of the procedures that used to be required. But, if you install X manually or have an unusual setup, you may still be faced with configuring X yourself. The two configuration tools covered here can be used with any distribution. Further, each distribution commonly supplies its own distribution-specific tool. For example, Red Hat uses Xconfigurator, Mandrake uses DrakX, and Debian uses anXiousand DaX. Exam Tip The configuration file for the X server is XF86Config.
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Chapter 9 . Using X 339 servers. If you install X during the distribution setup, the setup program will usually detect the correct video chipset and install the right server. If you install X after the initial setup, you will have to manually install the correct X server. For example, to install the S3 server on a Red Hat system, you would install the XFree86S3-3.3.6-33.i386.rpm package. Table 9-1 XFree v3 X Servers X Server Chipset Supported X8514 Server for 8514-based video cards. XAGX Server for AGX-based video cards. XFB Frame buffer driver, which can be used for some cards that do not have a specific X server. XI128 Server for Number Nine Imagine 128 video cards. XMach32 Server for ATI Mach 32 video cards. XMach64 Server for ATI Mach 64 video cards. XMach8 Server for ATI Mach 8 video cards. XMono Server for monochrome video displays. XP9K Server for P9000-based video cards. XS3 Server for S3-based video cards. XS3V Server for S3 Virge based video cards. XSVGA Server for VESA Super VGA video cards. XVGA16 VGA 16-color server. Many cards that do not have their own X server can use this. XW32 Server for the ET4000/W32-based video cards. X3DL Server for 3Dlabs video cards. Exam Tip When installing XFree v3 you need to install the correct X server for your video chipset. Starting with XFree v4 the X server is now consolidated. Instead of installing a specific server for your video chipset, you need to install only the main server and specify which chipset driver to use in the X configuration file. The downside is that currently XFree v4 does not support all of the video chipsets that XFree v3 supports. In either version of X, the file /etc/X11/X is actually a link to the X server you want to run. Consider this example:
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338 Part II . Getting Around in Linux 12. Execute the preinst.sh script from the temporary directory. 13. Make the extract script executable. For example: [root@redhat /usr/X11R6]# chmod +x /root/X/extract 14. Execute the extract script with a parameter of directory with the downloaded files. [root@redhat /usr/X11R6]# /root/X/extract /root/X/*.tgz 15. Execute the postinst.sh script. [root@redhat /usr/X11R6]# /root/X/postinst.sh 16. Answer yes to the prompted link question. 17. The final step is to run a configuration tool to create the needed XF86Config file. Cross-The XF86Config configuration tools are discussed later in this chapter in theReference Configuring X section. Versions of XFree86 Objective 2.10 X Install & Configure XFree86. Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server, install the correct X server, configure the X server, install an X font server, install required fonts for X (may require a manual edit of /etc/X11/XF86Config in the Files section), customize and tune X for videocard and monitor. Commands: XF86Setup, xf86config. Files: /etc/X11/XF86Config, .xresources. There are two major versions of XFree86 being used today. Some distributions are still shipping XFree v3 while others have moved up to the new XFree v4. The LPI exam was written with XFree v3 in mind, so it will be the focus here, but we try to mention important differences to XFree v4. The biggest changes that users will notice between the two versions are the following: . Consolidated X server . Slightly different XF86Config format . Speed With XFree v3 the X servers were separated by video chipset. You had to make sure to install the correct server for your hardware. Table 9-1 lists the available X
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Chapter 9 . Using X 337 Installing with binary packages The XFree86 group provides binary tar files with an installation script for those users who do not want or cannot use another packaging system. These packages are available from their site at http://www.xfree86.org. A README file is provided with instructions on installation. The steps below will walk you through installing XFree86 with the tarfiles. Be sure to change into a temporary directory first. In the example that follows you are in the /root/X directory. Tip The Release Notes distributed with every version of XFree86 tell you which hardware devices are supported. 1. FTP to ftp.xfree86.org and log in as anonymous. [root@redhat ~/X]# ftp ftp.xfree86.org Connected to ftp.xfree86.org. 220 public.xfree86.org FTP server (Version wu-2.6.1(1) Tue Jan 2 12:12:36 PST 20 01) ready. Name (ftp.xfree86.org:root): anonymous 331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail address as password. Password: 230230-Welcome to ftp.xfree86.org, the master server for XFree86 distribution. 230 2. Change to the /pub/XFree86/3.3.6/binaries/Linux-ix86-glibc21 directory. 3. Change the FTP client to binary mode and turn off prompting. ftp> binary 200 Type set to I. ftp> prompt Interactive mode off. 4. Download all of the files in this directory by typing mget all. 5. Change to the Servers directory by typing cd servers. 6. List the available servers by typing ls. 7. Choose the correct server for your video card and download it using get server_filename. 8. Exit out of the FTP client. 9. Make the two install scripts executable by typing chmod +x *.sh. 10. Create a directory named /usr/X11R6by typing mkdir /usr/X11R6. 11. Change into the /usr/X11R6 by typing cd /usr/X11R6.
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336 Part II . Getting Around in Linux While you can get GNOME without the Ximian packaging enhancements, we recommend that you include the enhancements because of the extra tools and installer provided. Installing X Objective 2.10 X Install & Configure XFree86. Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server, install the correct X server, configure the X server, install an X font server, install required fonts for X (may require a manual edit of /etc/X11/XF86Config in the Files section), customize and tune X for videocard and monitor. Commands: XF86Setup, xf86config. Files: /etc/X11/XF86Config, .xresources. The easiest way to install X is to do it during the main installation of the distribution. This way all of the needed packages are installed and configured up front. But, if you install a system without X and later decide to add it, you can do that, too. The installation method depends on the packaging system used by your distributions. Installing with RPMs If your system uses RPMs, it is recommended to install the necessary RPM packages from the distribution CD-ROM or site. This is because most distributions tweak and customize the X Window install. Some distributions add special user tools, such as automatic menu creation. Installing on Debian Debian users can easily add X to a system by typing either of the following: apt-get install task-x-window-system-core or apt-get install task-x-window-system These tasks will download all needed packages, install them, and walk you through the configuration of X. The core task downloads only the basic X window System, while the system task downloads X as well as a window manager and other supporting applications.
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