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Chapter 9 . Using X 335 . IceWM IceWM is available from http://www.icewm.org. It is a nice window manager designed for speed, usability, and consistency. It is able to emulate the look of Motif, OS/2, and Windows and allows you to have a customizable look using pixmaps. . Sawfish Sawfish is available from http://sawmill.sourceforge.net/. It is an extensible window manager using a LISP-based scripting language. All window decorations are configurable and all user-interface policy is controlled through the extension language. Sawfish is now the default window manager used with GNOME. . Window Maker Window Maker is available from http://www. windowmaker.org/. It is an X11 window manager designed to emulate the look and feel of the NeXTStep GUI. It is relatively fast, feature rich, and easy to configure and use. Desktop environments Window managers provide a good look and feel for your desktop, but until recently there were no real rules on getting applications to look and work the same. However, the new desktop environments coming on to the computing scene are changing this. A desktop environment includes a suite of applications, file manager, control panel, window manager, and many other components. They are designed to work together with the same look and feel. The two most popular desktop environments are KDE and GNOME. Every new user to Linux owes it to himself or herself to try out both environments and decide which he or she likes best. KDE KDE is available from http://www.kde.org. The first large-scale desktop environment for Linux was KDE. It is a mature project that offers an easy-to-use environment bundled with many applications, a window manager, and an easy-to-use control panel. KDE is built around the Qt libraries from Trolltech. Developers can write other applications using these libraries and have them fit together and work very well with KDE. The Qt libraries were once under a restrictive license that caused it some acceptance problems, but that situation has recently changed. GNOME The Ximian GNOME distribution is available from http://www.ximian.com. GNOME, GNU Network Object Model Environment, was originally started as an alternative to KDE, since the Qt libraries that KDE are based on were not under a free license. GNOME was originally an independent project, but a company named Helix Code was started by the core developers as a way to promote and fund the project. Helix Code has since changed their name to Ximian. They provide an excellent GNOME distribution that includes many applications, the sawfish window manager, a control panel, and many desktop themes. It also includes an easy-to-use updating tool that lets you keep your system current by automatically downloading new updates.
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334 Part II . Getting Around in Linux Some people quickly get confused between client and server when discussing the X Window System, and we can t blame them. Most people consider their workstations to be the client, but in the case of X, their workstations are actually the servers. The X server provides the graphical interface on the workstation, and clients, in the form of applications, connect to the X server from either the local workstation or from across the network and get displayed. Exam Tip The X server runs on the system with the monitor, while the clients (applications) can run remotely or locally. They connect to the X server software for display. Window managers The X server just allows client applications to connect and be displayed. It does not provide any mechanism for controlling the windows or customizing the display. This is where a window manager comes in. The window manager provides functionality such as window borders, menus, icons, virtual desktops, toolbars, and wallpaper control. Basically, the window manager provides the look and feel of your X desktop. Once you get the window manager that you want to use, the next step is to get a theme. The desktop theme specifies the detailed look and feel of the window manager. Normally a theme sets the color, window buttons, task bars, and possibly wallpapers. A popular site for window manager themes is http://www.themes.org. The following is a list of the most popular window managers. . AfterStep AfterStep is available from http://www.afterstep.org/. It is based on the look and feel of the NeXTStep interface, which is the desktop for the NeXT computer. It has undergone a number of enhancements based on user feedback. Another benefit is the small memory size, advertised at less than 1MB. . Blackbox Blackbox is available from http://blackbox.alug.org/. It offers a small code base written in C++. It has a fast and simple interface that uses little resources. It is a very popular window manager due to its small size and speed. . Enlightenment Enlightenment is available from http://www. enlightenment.org. Often called E for short, Enlightenment is a very customizable window manager with excellent look and feel. The down side is that it can be resource intensive and usually runs best on higher-end systems; however, it can be worth it. E used to be the default window manager with GNOME (covered in the next section). . FVWM FVWM is available from http://www.fvwm.org. Most window managers today have their roots in the older FVWM. No one is sure what the F stands for, but the rest stands for Virtual Window Manager. FVWM is still being developed and worked on, but is not nearly as popular as it once was.
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Chapter 9 . Using X 333 The XFree86 system (also called X Window or X) was designed to give Linux and UNIX systems an easy-to-use graphical interface. With more people moving to Linux from Windows and Macintosh, the need for X is greater than ever. Users from the other systems will be amazed at the level of customization and amount of choices available. Overview of the X Window System Unlike other operating systems such as Windows 2000 and MacOS, the X Window System is not an integrated part of Linux. It is a separate application that runs on top of the base operating system. This allows you to run a GUI interface if you want, but to free up memory and CPU resources if they are needed elsewhere. History of X X was originally developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and released in 1984. It was derived from the project known as Athena, which was a group effort between MIT, IBM, and Digital Equipment to design a graphical environment for education. The goal was to provide a graphical networked environment that was standardized so multiple vendors equipment could work together. The lead for the main development project was Robert Scheifler. X also owes many of its early ideas to the W windows package, developed by Paul Asente at Stanford. In 1987 MIT released the first version of X that we know today, known as X11. As of X11R2 (X11 Release 2) the control of X passed from MIT to the X Consortium, which was formed in 1988. The current release of X11 is X11R6.5.1. The version of X that is used with Linux is XFree86. The name comes from the fact that originally the package was meant for the Intel x86 processor, but it now runs on many different platforms and systems. More information on this project is available at http://www.xfree86.org. Architecture overview The X Window System was designed to have a very powerful and flexible client- server architecture. X applications can run on the user s local workstation or from a large network server with a fast processor. The X protocol handles the remote and local communications. The biggest module is the X server, which is responsible for displaying the applications on the user s system. X servers exist for almost every graphical computing platform used today. Applications may be run on a different computing platform and displayed back over the network to an X server running on a different platform.
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332 Part II . Getting Around in Linux CHAPTER PRE-TEST 1. Which command starts the X Window System from the command line? 2. Which file is used to configure the X server? 3. Which executable file does the startx script run? 4. What piece of software manages window borders and desktop icons? 5. Which section in the XF86Config file configures fonts? 6. Which environment variable controls where an X application is dis played? 7. Which file is used to customize a user s X applications? 8. Which service is used to allow users to log in at a graphical prompt? 9. Which file in a user s home directory is executed by xinit? 10. What is the oldest graphical terminal emulator? . Answers to these questions can be found at the end of the chapter. .
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9 CHAPTER Using X …. EXAM OBJECTIVES Exam 102 . General Linux, Part 2 2.10 X Install & Configure XFree86. Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server, install the correct X server, configure the X server, install an X font server, install required fonts for X (may require a manual edit of /etc/X11/XF86Config in the Files section), customize and tune X for videocard and monitor. Commands: XF86Setup, xf86config. Files: /etc/X11/XF86Config, .xresources. Setup XDM. Turn xdm on and off, change the xdm greeting, change default bitplanes for xdm, set-up xdm for use by X-stations Identify and terminate runaway X applications. Identify and kill X applications that won t die after user ends an X-session. Example: netscape, tkrat, etc. Install & Customize a Window Manager Environment. Select and customize a system-wide default window manager and/or desktop environment, demonstrate an understanding of customization procedures for window manager menus, configure menus for the window manager, select and configure the desired x-terminal (xterm, rxvt, aterm etc.), verify and resolve library dependency issues for X applications, export an X-display to a client workstation. Commands: Files: .xinitrc, .Xdefaults, various .rc files.
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330 Chapter 8 . Study Guide Scenarios 1. You could boot the system in single-user or emergency mode. Find the script that starts the daemon that is hanging and either troubleshoot it or just remove it from that runlevel. 2. Change the system to boot to text mode by editing the /etc/inittabfile. To unload X and change to text mode without rebooting the system, you could execute telinit 3. 3. If you have already made boot disks, you could use those to boot the system. If not, you can create boot disks on another Linux system or download boot and rescue images from your distribution s site.
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Chapter 8 . Study Guide 329 6. shutdown -r now. The -r option tells the system to reboot, and the now option causes the system to do it immediately. For more information see the Using runlevels section. 7. /sbin/halt. For more information see the Using runlevels section. 8. D. The other entries are invalid. For more information see the Configuring the init process section. 9. /etc/issue.net. Local users will receive the /etc/issue file. For more information see the Customizing the Boot Process section. 10. A. The chkconfigtool is used from the command line while ntsysv provides a menu interface. The other commands do not provide runlevel information. For more information see the Customizing the Boot Process section. 11. C. The -r parameter changes the perceived root path. It should point to the root volume. For more information see the Troubleshooting LILO section. 12. emergency. The S parameter still runs the system initialization script. For more information see the Booting to single-user mode section. 13. A. The –deviceparameter specifies the floppy drive, which starts with number 0. The mkboottool does not accept these parameters. For more information see the Creating a boot disk section. 14. B. The linearoption is required for some SCSI disks. The other options are invalid. For more information see the Configuring LILO section. 15. 6. Runlevel 0 halts the system, and runlevel 1 is used for single-user mode. For more information see the Using runlevels section. 16. A. The initprocess is the only process that has a runlevel of 1. For more information see the Configuring the init process section. 17. D. The once parameter tells init to start the process once and not to restart it again. The other options are invalid. For more information see the Configuring the init process section. 18. B. The BSD style of initialization uses a few large script files, while Sys V uses many smaller ones in a directory hierarchy. For more information see the Customizing the Boot Process section. 19. inet status. The inetstartup script in /etc/init.dor /etc/rc.d/init.d can be queried for the process status. For more information see the Sys V startup section. 20. A. The LIL error is caused by a media failure or geometry mismatch. The LIL-is caused by a corrupt descriptor table. For more information see the Troubleshooting the Boot Process section.
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328 Chapter 8 . Study Guide Answers to Chapter Questions Chapter Pre-Test 1. The init process is started by the kernel and has the PID of 1. 2. Sys V 3. init, telinit, shutdown, and halt 4. /etc/inittab 5. /etc/issue.net is displayed to network logins. 6. Pass the emergency boot parameter at the LILO prompt. 7. The media may be bad or there may be a disk geometry translation problem. 8. ram= 9. /etc/lilo.conf 10. 6 Assessment Questions 1. B. The restricted parameter stops someone at the console from issuing boot parameters without knowing the preset password. The password option is used to specify the passwordto enter. The other options are invalid. For more information see the Configuring LILO section. 2. A. The LILO boot sector should be placed in the master boot record of the drive instead of a partition. The partition boot block can be used when multiple operating systems are installed. For more information see the Using LILO section. 3. C. The root= parameter tells the system which volume to use as the root volume. The device name should point to a partition. No mount point is needed. For more information see the Using LILO section. 4. A. Use the alias entry to have a second name for your boot image. The label entry gives the boot entry a name that is displayed at the LILO menu. For more information see the Configuring LILO section. 5. D. The command telinit 5 command changes the system to runlevel 5, which is the GUI mode in Red Hat. The startxcommand is used to start the X Window System from a command line, but not at boot. The init 3command would change the system to multiuser text mode. Choice B is invalid. For more information see the Using runlevels section.
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Chapter 8 . Study Guide 327 [root@rh7 /etc]# more inittab # # inittab This file describes how the INIT process should set up # the system in a certain run-level. # # Author: Miquel van Smoorenburg, # Modified for RHS Linux by Marc Ewing and Donnie Barnes # # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are: # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # 1 - Single user mode # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) # 3 - Full multiuser mode # 4 - unused # 5 - X11 # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) # id:3:initdefault: 2. As you can see, this system is set to boot to runlevel 3 by default. Next, see which services are set to start at boot. [root@rh7 rc3.d]# ls K01pppoe S08ipchains S16apmd S45pcmcia S80isdn S95anacron K20nfs S10network S20random S55sshd S80sendmai S97rhnsd K20rwhod S12syslog S25netfs S56rawdevices S85gpm S99linuxconf K45arpwatch S13portmap S35identd S60lpd S90crond S99local S05kudzu S14nfslock S40atd S75keytable S90xfs 3. As you can see, since the script S80sendmail is in the /etc/rc3.d directory, the service will start. (If your system does not start sendmail, pick another script, such as gpmor crond.) To confirm the service, you type:[root@rh7 rc3.d]# ps auxw | grep sendmail root 532 0.0 0.7 3232 336 ? S Mar14 0:01 sendmail: accepting connections 4. To set this service not to start at the next boot you can either remove the script link from the directory or just change its name to something that does not start with S or K. For example: [root@rh7 rc3.d]# mv S80sendmail H80sendmail 5. Reboot the system and check to make sure the service isn t running.
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326 Chapter 8 . Study Guide 18. Which type of startup uses a few large script files? A. UNIX B. BSD C. Sys V D. Red Hat 19. To see information on the inetdprocess, you would enter the ___________ command (no path). 20. What does LILO display when it cannot load the second stage of the boot loader? A. LI B. LIL C. SECOND STAGE NOT FOUND! D. LIL- Scenarios 1. While you are booting your Linux workstation, it hangs while starting a daemon. What steps could you take to fix the situation? 2. You have a Linux server that currently boots up in to the X Window system. The graphical interface is using up needed resources on the system. How do you fix the problem? 3. After compiling and installing a new kernel, you get a kernel panic when rebooting. Unfortunately, you were so sure about the new kernel you did not keep the older one around. What can you do to fix this problem? Lab Exercises Lab 8-1 Checking boot services Many Linux distributions install and start services that you do not need. To check your boot services, take the following steps. 1. First check the runlevel that your system boots to by default. This is done by examining the /etc/inittab file.
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